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“网络旧曾谙”：早期中国互联网想象与互联网历史
“Embracing New Technologies”: Early Chinese Internet Imaginaries and Internet History
想象是人们认知早期互联网的手段之一，亦折射着互联网与社会互嵌的过程，可以成为理解早期中国互联网的路径。本文基于“长时段”的分析视角，借助社会技术想象的理论脉络，结合语言、修辞与行动等多维框架，挖掘公共话语与记忆话语对于早期中国互联网（1984—1999年）的想象。研究发现，作为物质性、意义和道德的集合体，早期的互联网想象从技术层面、价值层面和社会层面三个维度展开，呈现了连通世界、复兴家国、重构生活三大主题，具有宏观整体性、技术乐观主义色彩浓厚、实用主义导向明显等特征。在“赶超”“复兴”的想象叙事中，嵌入中国社会的互联网被认为可以创造欠发达国家和地区赶超发展的契机，折射出近代中国社会文化赋予互联网的独特意涵。1995年作为这一“长时段”的探索性节点，标志着互联网从抽象概念向社会实践的发展，想象主题亦由宏观叙事逐步延展至日常体验。借由互联网想象的“渡口”，可以洞察中国社会对互联网的认知演变，拓展互联网历史研究的理论空间。
Imaginary serves as a crucial tool for understanding the early internet, reflecting the intertwined relationship between the internet and society. It provides a valuable pathway for exploring the early stages of internet development. Adopting a “long duration” analytical perspective and drawing upon the framework of sociotechnical imaginaries, this study integrates language, rhetoric, and action to investigate public and memory discourses about early Chinese internet imaginaries (1984-1999). The findings reveal that early internet imaginaries, as assemblages of materiality, meaning, and normativity, unfold across technological, value, and social dimensions, centering on connecting the world, realizing national revival, and reconfiguring daily life. These imaginaries exhibit characteristics of macro-level comprehensiveness, strong technological optimism, and pronounced pragmatism. Within the narratives of “catching up” and “revival,” the internet, as embedded in Chinese society, was envisioned as a means for underdeveloped regions to leapfrog in development, reflecting its unique socio-cultural significance in modern China. Significantly, 1995 emerges as a pivotal exploratory node in this “long duration,” marking the transition of the internet from an abstract concept to practical implementation. This period witnessed profound changes across technical infrastructure, policy support, commercialization, and social applications, with imaginaries shifting from elite-driven narratives to broader public participation, and themes extending from macro-level visions to everyday experiences. Internet imaginaries serve as an analytical lens, offering insights into the evolving perceptions of the internet in Chinese society and presenting a promising avenue for studying the social history of the internet in China.
互联网历史 / 想象 / 隐喻 / 早期中国互联网 / 互联网想象
Internet History / Imaginary / Metaphor / Early Chinese Internet / Internet Imaginaries
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That policymakers adopt technoscientific viewpoints and lack reflexivity is a common criticism of scientific decision-making, particularly in response to moves to democratize science. Drawing on interviews with UK-based national policymakers, I argue that an elite sociotechnical imaginary of 'science to the rescue' shapes how public perspectives are heard and distinguishes what is considered to be legitimate expertise. The machinery of policy-making has become shaped around this imaginary - particularly its focus on science as a problem-solver and on social and ethical issues as 'nothing to do with the science' - and this gives this viewpoint its power, persistence and endurance. With this imaginary at the heart of policy-making machinery, regardless of the perspectives of the policymakers, alternative views of science are either forced to take the form of the elite imaginary in order to be processed, or they simply cannot be accounted for within the policy-making processes. In this way, the elite sociotechnical imaginary (and technoscientific viewpoint) is enacted, but also elicited and perpetuated, without the need for policymakers to engage with or even be aware of the imaginary underpinning their actions.
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1. 现代意义上的互联网，随着蒂姆·伯纳-李（Tim Berners-Lee）于1989年发明万维网才逐渐成型，此后作为统一的应用模式促进了全球范围的互联。尽管在1994年前，中国的信息网络尚未具备现代意义上互联网的技术标准与连通规模，但已出现包括“学术网工程”“三角网”等在内的技术体系和全球互联的构想。为表述方便，本文使用“早期中国互联网”一词，统称彼时的网络技术及其构想。需要指出的是，彼时“互联网”尚非唯一惯用的表述，其他常见术语包括“因特网”“互连网”“网际网”等，均指向信息技术与网络技术整合所形成的跨区域通信和协作网络（方兴东，钟祥铭，彭筱军，
2. 为避免文献引用冗赘，笔者将正文中直接引用的经验材料的基本信息整理于附录1，正文仅在引用语段之后标注材料编号。
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