连续与断裂:即时成像相机的死与生

马新瑶

国际新闻界 ›› 2023, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2) : 156-176.

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国际新闻界 ›› 2023, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2) : 156-176.
研究论文

连续与断裂:即时成像相机的死与生

作者信息 +

Continuity and Ruptures: The Death and Life of Instant Camera

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文章历史 +

摘要

本研究借助历史分析和实物分析的研究方法,考察即时成像相机如何在其功能性被完全替代的数字时代死而复生,重塑“新媒介”身份。传统胶片时代,即时成像相机在时间上的“即时显影”和空间上的“一步成像”让它获得抢占市场的优势,而逆信息化、不可复制、不可修改的断裂性则成为阻碍。但是当其优势被数码相机取代之时,连续性轰然倒塌,即时成像相机一方面抵抗数码,凭借看似退步实则不可替代的断裂性,作为“复古媒介”死而复生;另一方面,通过联结诸多行动者、弥合模拟/数码、新/旧之间的断裂,重获了真正意义上的“新生”。即时成像相机的死与生由此映照出了技术连续观和媒介二元论的失灵,也开启了一种理解媒介关系的新视角。

Abstract

By means of historical analysis and physical analysis, this study investigates how instant camera was back from the dead in the digital age, in which its function is completely replaced, and reshape itself as “new media”. In the era of traditional film, Polaroid had the advantage of seizing the market due to its space-time compression in continuity, while the ruptures that included de-informatization, non-replicability, non-modifiability got in the way. However, when the continuities were replaced, the advantages collapsed. On the one hand, instant camera against digital technology, with seemingly regressive but irreplaceable ruptures, as “retro media” resurged from the death ; on the other hand, instant camera has regained the "new life" in the true sense by connecting different actors and actants, bridging the break between analog/digital, new/old. The death and life of instant camera thus reflects the failure of technology continuum and media dualism, and opens up a new way of understanding the relationship between media.

关键词

模拟/数字 / 复古媒介 / 物的社会生命 / 媒介考古、媒介间性

Key words

analog/digital / Retromedia / social life of things / Media Archaeology / intermediality

引用本文

导出引用
马新瑶. 连续与断裂:即时成像相机的死与生[J]. 国际新闻界. 2023, 45(2): 156-176
MA Xinyao. Continuity and Ruptures: The Death and Life of Instant Camera[J]. Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication. 2023, 45(2): 156-176

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注释 [Notes]

1. 转引自苏珊•桑塔格(1977/2021)。《论摄影》(黄灿然译)。上海:上海译文出版社,第190-191页。宝丽来公司由埃德温·兰德(Edwin H. Land)创立,最初主营偏振片业务,1947年发明了世界上第一台即时成像相机,1948年,Model95正式进入市场(因此,有些摄影史将1947年作为即时成像相机元年,有些则认为是1948年),此后开启了在这个领域长达半世纪的统治时代。

2. 即时成像相机的原理与传统胶片相机类似,借助光的反射和化学试剂显影的物化过程,与依靠传感器显像的数码相机完全不同,因此即时成像相机也是胶片相机的一种,但为行文方便,后文的“胶片相机”均指“传统胶片相机”,不包括即时成像相机。

3. 参见富士胶片中国官方网站 https://www.fujifilm.com.cn/cn/zh-hans/news/detail/3634

4. 在几部研究宝丽来的专著中,这个故事从未缺席,国内也对其津津乐道,故事的名气甚至比宝丽来本身还要大。

5. 关于摄影的起源和发展,有不少学者采用了连续性的观点,也有学者认为连续性的建构模糊了一些重要的断裂,可参见乔纳森•克拉里在《观察者的技术》一书中的相关讨论。

6. 这则广告语其实并不是宝丽来自己宣称的,而源自《时代》周刊,但由于精准地抓住了宝丽来区别于传统胶片相机的特点,同时还对标了柯达这家摄影行业的龙头企业而广为人知。

7. 早期的宝丽来相机还是需要一些步骤的,例如给胶片刷上特定的试剂、晾干等,并没有做到真正的“一步成像”,直到SX-70的出现才实现这一目标。

8. 参见Rooke, H. (2021). Polaroid: the instant camera trend that has gone full circle. https://www.digi-talcameraworld.com/news/polaroid-the-instant-camera-trend-that-has-gone-full-circle

9. 《拯救拍立得》上映于2020年,导演Jens Meurer用35mm的胶片拍摄了这部时长94分钟的纪录片,跟拍“不可能计划”数年,希望为沉浸于电子设备的现代人提供一种解毒方式。

10. 参见Roesch, R. (2021). Fuji’s Instant Film: The Immensely Interesting Story of Instax, http://u6e.cn/6LDWl.

11. 引用日期为2022年7月3日,前十位分别是:Fujifilm 富士 instax 16423931 迷你 90 NEO;Fujifilm 富士 拍立得 Instax Mini 40 Ins Mini 40;Fujifilm 富士 Instax Mini 90 拍立得;Fujifilm 富士 Instax Mini Liplay;Pixtoss Takara Tomy 即时玩具相机 PEACH PINK;Fujifilm 富士 Instax Square SQ6;Kodak Mini Shot 2 Retro;Polaroid 宝丽来 9067 即时相机;FUJIFILM 富士 Instax Mini 11 天蓝色;Fujifilm 富士 拍立得 instax mini 11 丁香紫,参见 https://www.amazon.cn/gp/bestsellers/photo/120678071。

12. 参见东北证券股份有限公司(2017):人机交互系列报告之三:全景拍摄开启视界新革命,第29页。

13. 参见Zhang, M. (2016). Fujifilm’s Instax Instant Film Business is Booming. petapixel.com/2016/04/04/fujifilms-instax-instant-film-business-booming/

14. 受篇幅所限,笔者将另撰文阐述媒介关系与“媒介间性”的相关问题。

基金

江苏省研究生科研创新计划基金项目(KYCX22_0053)

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