平台化逻辑与平台社会——对话前荷兰皇家艺术和科学院主席何塞·范·迪克

何塞·范·迪克, 孙少晶, 陶禹舟

国际新闻界 ›› 2021, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (9) : 49-59.

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国际新闻界 ›› 2021, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (9) : 49-59.
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平台化逻辑与平台社会——对话前荷兰皇家艺术和科学院主席何塞·范·迪克

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Platformization and Platform Society: Interview with José van Dijck, the former President of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

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摘要

随着互联网平台对日常与公共生活全方位的渗透,平台社会已经成为全媒体研究和全球传播的一个重要研究课题。在西方学界,前荷兰皇家艺术和科学院主席何塞·范·迪克是对平台社会较早进行系统开拓性研究的领军学者,相关研究覆盖平台化的内在逻辑、平台生态系统的多维向度、平台社会与用户能动性及文化建构的关系等。针对近年来平台社会的新发展趋势,笔者对话何塞·范·迪克,探讨在历史-文化、社会-技术以及技术-商业的语境中平台化的发展与影响。

Abstract

Along with the rapid penetration of Internet platforms into personal and public lives, the platform society has become an important research topic in emerging media studies and global communication. In Western academia, José van Dijck, the former president of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, has done pioneering research in areas such as the internal logic of platformization, the multidimensional nature of platform ecosystem, and the relationship between platform society and user agency and cultural construction. Observing the new trend of platform society in recent years, we discuss with José van Dijck on the development and impact of platformization in historical-cultural, socio-technical, and techno-commercial contexts.

关键词

平台化 / 平台社会 / 技术可供性 / 用户能动性

Key words

platformization / platform society / technical affordance / user agency

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何塞·范·迪克, 孙少晶, 陶禹舟. 平台化逻辑与平台社会——对话前荷兰皇家艺术和科学院主席何塞·范·迪克[J]. 国际新闻界. 2021, 43(9): 49-59
José van Dijck, SUN Shaojing, TAO Yuzhou. Platformization and Platform Society: Interview with José van Dijck, the former President of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences[J]. Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication. 2021, 43(9): 49-59

参考文献

[1]
Gillespie T. (2010). The politics of ‘platforms’. New media & society, 12(3), 347-364.
Online content providers such as YouTube are carefully positioning themselves to users, clients, advertisers and policymakers, making strategic claims for what they do and do not do, and how their place in the information landscape should be understood. One term in particular, ‘platform’, reveals the contours of this discursive work. The term has been deployed in both their populist appeals and their marketing pitches, sometimes as technical ‘platforms’, sometimes as ‘platforms’ from which to speak, sometimes as ‘platforms’ of opportunity. Whatever tensions exist in serving all of these constituencies are carefully elided. The term also fits their efforts to shape information policy, where they seek protection for facilitating user expression, yet also seek limited liability for what those users say. As these providers become the curators of public discourse, we must examine the roles they aim to play, and the terms by which they hope to be judged.
[2]
Allam R. (2019). Constructive journalism in Arab transitional democracies: Perceptions, attitudes and performance. Journalism Practice, 13(10), 1273-1293.
[3]
van Dijck J. (2007). Mediated memories in the digital age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
[4]
van Dijck J. (2013). The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.
[5]
van Dijck J., Poell T., & De Waal M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
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van Dijck J., Poell T., & De Waal M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
[7]
van Dijck J. (2020). Seeing the forest for the trees: Visualizing platformization and its governance. New media & society. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820940293.

注释 [Notes]

1. 平台生态系统(platform ecosystem)(van Dijck,Poell & de Waal,2018):平台不是孤立的站点(sites)或简单的服务商 (facilitators),而是彼此紧密相连、相互作用和依存,并在其自身逻辑构建的线上环境中演化,就像在生物生态系统(biological ecosystem)中一样。因此,平台生态系统指一系列网络平台的联合体,该联合体受到一组特定机制的管理,这些机制塑造了改变社会秩序和社会组织方式的日常实践。

2. 平台社会(platform society)(van Dijck,Poell & de Waal,2018):“平台社会”指一种社会生活,在这种社会生活中,社会经济流动越来越多地受到由算法和数据驱动的全球化在线平台生态系统的调节。平台社会并非指一种与我们生活的现实世界相分离的新的虚拟公共空间,相反,平台如今位于我们生活的中心,我们越来越感受到它们对几乎所有形式的日常实践的影响。

3. 平台化树(platformization tree)(van Dijck,2020):为了展望平台生态系统分层的及互相依存的性质,van Dijck想象出了一棵树,这棵树由三个相互关联的层组成:根部是数字基础设施,它们都通往由中间平台组成的树干,然后再分枝到枝繁叶茂的工业和社会行业。其中,根部表示互联网的基础设施系统——电缆、卫星、微芯片、数据中心、半导体、高速链路、无线接入点、缓存等。树干里的中介平台构成了平台力量的核心,因为它们在基础设施和个人用户之间,以及在基础设施和社会行业之间,起着中介作用。这一级别的平台包括身份或登录服务、支付系统、邮件和消息服务、社交网站、搜索引擎,广告服务、零售网站和应用程序商店。树枝则代表行业应用程序,众多分枝代表了许多正在平台化的社会行业,包括服务于市场和个人消费者的私营行业,服务公民、捍卫公众利益的公共行业,比如新闻媒体、城市交通、卫生、教育等等。树的比喻强调平台如何构成“活的”动态系统,总是处于变形之中并因此共同塑造其间的物种。就像树叶、树枝和树根可以吸收空气和水使树木生长一样,平台化是一个不断收集和吸收数据的过程。用户(有意)提供和(无意)呼出的数据形成了供养平台生态系统的氧气和二氧化碳。由于API的遍布,吸收数据并将其转化为营养的过程——一种隐喻性的光合作用——刺激向上、向下和侧向的生长。每棵树都是一个更大的生态系统的一部分——一个由有机和非有机力量驱动的全球连接网络。

基金

复旦大学2020年原创科研个性化支持项目“基于社交媒体的传播理论创新及实证研究”(IDH3353032/004)

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