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娱乐的正当性：当代中国大陆电视综艺节目的观念与实践流变
Legitimating Entertainment: Historical Changes in the Idea and Practice of Variety Shows in Contemporary China
”脱胎于革命文艺路线的当代中国大陆综艺娱乐的发展史是1990年代以来社会文化结构转型的一个表征，是当代中国“娱乐”观念的正当性建构与复杂政治经济文化语境结合的一个具体实践场域，同时也是观察当代中国娱乐观念的正当性建构、形式创新和规制迭代的重要窗口。本文在对中国大陆当代娱乐观念史进行梳理的基础上，通过参与式观察对近几年若干热门电视和网络综艺节目的创意、生产和审核过程进行案例研究，从历史脉络和现实语境两个角度解析新旧视听媒体产业中的综艺娱乐内容生产在不同历史时期遭遇了何种不同的正当性危机，又是如何通过具体的实践策略来重构自身的正当性的，以及这一过程反映了当代中国什么样的文化政治生态。
The history of TV variety entertainment programs in contemporary mainland China, born out of the CCP’s revolutionary literary route, is a manifestation of the transformation of the social and cultural structure since the 1990s, and a concrete practice field of the legitimacy of “entertainment” idea with political, economic and cultural context. Based on a systematic review of the history of modern “entertainment” idea in mainland China, this article conducts case studies on the specific practical processes of production and content moderation of several popular TV and online variety shows from 2018 to 2021 through participatory observations. The article tries to analyze the different legitimacy crisis encountered in the production of variety entertainment content, and the obtaining of legitimacy resource through specific practical strategies in which reflects the dynamics of the Chinese media system.
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Organizations require legitimacy to attract constituents' support Legitimacy, however, is always problematic. Thus, organizations frequently pursue legitimacy through a variety of substantive and symbolic practices. But legitimacy is a social judgment that is ultimately accorded the organization by its constituents. Organizations that pursue this judgement run the risk of “protesting too much”–of being perceived as precisely the opposite, manipulative and illegitimate. Such organizations include (1) the clumsy actor, perceived as unethical, heavy-handed, or insensitive, (2) the nervous actor, perceived as dogmatic, intolerant, or evasive, and (3) the overacting actor, perceived to overstate claims to legitimacy or overreact to faults. The analysis suggests that attempts to increase legitimacy may trigger a series of vicious circles which ultimately decrease legitimacy.
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1. 2017年，国家新闻出版广电总局管理下的行业协会性组织中国网络视听节目服务协会审议通过了《网络视听节目内容审核通则》。2019年，中国网络视听节目服务协会发布了《网络短视频内容审核标准细则》，细则包含100条内容，分别对开展短视频服务的网络平台以及网络短视频内容审核的标准进行规范。2020年2月，按照照国家广播电视总局工作部署，在总局网络视听节目管理司指导下，中国网络视听节目服务协会联合央视网、芒果TV、腾讯视频等10家视听节目网站制订并发布《网络综艺节目内容审核标准细则》。
2. 比如，香港无线电视（TVB）制作的《欢乐今宵》，从1967年开播到1994年停播，后来又在1997年至2000年间短暂复播，成为全球最长寿的电视综艺节目之一。
3. 2017年，国家新闻出版广电总局管理下的行业协会性组织中国网络视听节目服务协会审议通过了《网络视听节目内容审核通则》；2019年，中国网络视听节目服务协会发布了《网络短视频内容审核标准细则》，细则包含100条内容，分别对开展短视频服务的网络平台以及网络短视频内容审核的标准进行规范；2020年2月，按照国家广播电视总局工作部署，在总局网络视听节目管理司指导下，中国网络视听节目服务协会制订并发布《网络综艺节目内容审核标准细则》。
4. 根据2019年3月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈。
5. 根据2019年3月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈。
6. 比如，在戛纳电视节上，国际模式版权保护协会点名爱奇艺《偶像练习生》涉嫌抄袭，数据显示抄袭相似度为88分（满分100分）。该协会称这一数据刷新世界纪录，成为史上抄袭之最。
7. 根据2019年3月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈。
8. 根据2019年3月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈。
9. 根据2018年9月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈。
10. 根据2019年12月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈
11. 根据2020年3月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈。
12. 根据2020年7月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈。
13. 参见
14. 根据2020年7月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈。
15. 根据2018年4月对相关内容生产方知情人的访谈。
16. 根据2020年6月对相关节目知情人的访谈。
17. 根据2020年5月对相关节目知情人的访谈。
18. 例如，由芒果TV制作播出的综艺真人秀节目《你怎么这么好看》同样因为对性别刻板印象遭到女性主义者的批评。这档定位于“素人改造”的节目在第一集中，邀请了“34岁、不化妆、单身”的女博士方静，和“四胞胎的妈妈，由于照顾小孩忙不过来，压力极大，丈夫也很少帮上忙，因而疏于打扮”，由一群艺人对其外貌和家居生活进行“改造”。节目播出后，由于对女性物化的刻板印象，遭到了女性主义群体的激烈批评。参见
19. 关于这一事件的描述，参见
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