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社会空间理论视域下的新闻业：场域和生态的比较研究
Journalism from the perspective of social space theory: A comparative study of field and ecology
随着数字新闻业中生产空间的扩展，新闻研究领域出现了一股鲜明的“空间转向”——引入体现空间化思维的理论来研究新闻业，其中，场域与生态是居于主导的理论范式。这些理论的引入既激活了新闻研究，也可能使研究产生特定偏向。本文将新闻场域与新闻生态研究视为新闻研究“空间转向”的一部分，对场域研究和生态研究、场域与生态在新闻研究中的应用、新闻场域研究与新闻生态研究的异同进行了梳理，着重考察了场域与生态两种理论如何形塑问题的提出、分析概念的采纳与结论的得出，还探索了融合两种分析路径的可能性。在此基础上，本文进而提出可将关系作为分析新闻空间的新面向。
With the expansion of news production space in journalism practice, there is a distinct “spatial turn” in the field of journalism studies, that is, introducing social space theory to study new news space, in which field and ecology are the dominant theoretical paradigms. The introduction of these theories not only activates the news research, but also might make the research produce specific bias. This paper regards the study of journalistic field and news ecology as a part of the journalism studies’ spatial turn. It sorts out field research and ecological research, the application of field and ecology in journalism studies, and the similarities and differences between journalistic field research and news ecology research, with a focus on how the two theories of field and ecology shape the issue, the adoption of analysis concepts and the extrapolation of the conclusion as well as the exploration of the possibility of integrating the two analysis paths. On the basis of this, this paper puts forward a new relationship approach.
field / ecology / space / relation / journalism studies
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Sociologists often imagine society as spaces, yet how social spaces are related remains ambiguous in most theories. In developing his field theory, Bourdieu used extensively the concept of homology to describe the structural similarities across fields, but he had not taken seriously the spaces between fields or how fields are related to each other. Adopting the Simmelian approach of formal sociology, this article outlines six basic social forms by which social spaces are related. It argues that relations between social spaces can be understood along two dimensions: heterogeneity and social distance. In terms of heterogeneity, social spaces can be kindred, symbiotic or oppositional. In terms of social distance, they can be linked, nested or overlapping. These social forms of interspatial relations are constituted by the boundary work of a variety of actors, including guardians, brokers and space travellers. The article provides a general vocabulary for thinking about how social spaces are related and how they interact across boundaries.
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This article offers a theoretical comparison between field and ecology, as developed by Pierre Bourdieu and the Chicago School of sociology. While field theory and ecological theory share similar conceptualizations of actors, positions, and relations, and while they converge in their views on structural isomorphism, temporality, and social psychology, they are quite different on several other scores: power and inequality, endogeneity, heterogeneity, metaphorical sources, and abstraction. With a fine-grained comparison of the two approaches, this article provides the basis for a continuous dialogue among social theorists and empirical researchers regarding the nature of social space, its structural and processual composition, and how it changes over time.
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This study explores journalists’ use of Twitter and what it means for their craft. Based on 8 weeks newsroom observation and more than a dozen in-depth interviews with reporters and editors at a big metro newspaper, the study found that journalists had contradicting views on whether or not to accept tweets, a form of snippet artifact, as a legitimate journalism artifact, leading to the blurring artifact boundary. Related, journalists faced uncertainties and ambiguities regarding the implications of such snippet artifact for the journalism craft and its core mission of informing the public.
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Among news production scholars, interest in the theories of Bourdieu, Giddens, Latour, and related authors has grown in the last 20 years. However, few have recognized that these theories contribute to a broader practice perspective in social theory that traces back to the writings of Heidegger, and more directly, to Wittgenstein. In this essay, I outline four basic elements of this approach that are shared across these theories. Among these elements is the notion that social action is organized into discrete practices, and that these practices are produced and reproduced in their performance by individuals. I then assess the practice scholarship in the sociology of news in the context of these elements. I show that while a great deal of research has focused on news practices, relatively little has investigated journalistic performance. Thus, the field has not exploited, as well as it might, the panoply of tools and concepts developed by practice theorists.
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This essay presents a practice theory perspective, and the analogy of journalistic culture as a kind of woven fabric, to explain to describe the current state of journalism. On this view, journalistic culture is viewed as a woven fabric which contains warp and woof threads. Within the practice of weaving, warp threads represent the vertically organized threads that lend a fabric shape, while cross-cutting woof threads lend it diversity. When applied to the disruption taking place within journalism, there appears to be fewer warp threads and more woof threads in the field today: fewer threads that tie the field together, and more threads that lend it diversity. Yet, even as woof threads are introduced, they depend upon warp threads to maintain the integrity of the fabric. Indeed, the more woof threads introduced, the more they may depend upon the few remaining warp threads. This perspective is illustrated using data from an analysis of local online news in the San Francisco Bay Area. Overall, the perspective suggests that as new practices are introduced into journalism, some traditional practices may become even more consequential than they had been in the past.
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The article reflects on contemporary processes of de-professionalisation of journalism, its consequences for democratic processes and challenges to citizen journalism. It is argued that both the dilemmas of mainstream journalism and the emergence of citizen journalism are consequences of an array of evolving factors having to do with complex transformations in the media landscape and its industries, professional and ‘leisured’ content creation, employment and technologies, shifting patterns of media use among citizens, as well as broader permutations in social and cultural patterns. In the first section, we briefly address the long-term historical decline of professional journalism; in the second section, we look at some of the attributes of the current crisis; in the third section, we probe some of the key features of what has come to be called citizen journalism, a development that is contradictorily entwined with both the de-professionalisation and the democratisation of journalism. In the conclusion, we turn our eye to some paths for future research.
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Guided by field theory and the concept of journalistic boundary work, this study seeks to examine whether BuzzFeed, a new agent in the journalistic field, is participating in the preservation or transformation of the journalistic field. This is carried out by comparing its news outputs with those of The New York Times based on the markers – or boundaries – that defined traditional journalistic practice, particularly news values, topics, sources, formats, and norms. The analysis found that while news articles produced by BuzzFeed are exhibiting some departures from traditional journalistic practice, in general, BuzzFeed is playing by the rules, which might explain its legitimation as a recognized agent in the field.
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Guided by the framework of field theory, this study analyzes how traditional news organizations perceived, defined, and represented BuzzFeed, a website that rose to online fame through aggregation of funny memes and cat videos but has since started producing investigative and long-form journalism pieces, heralding its formal entry into the journalistic field. Four themes emerged from the analysis. First, traditional news organizations demonstrate ambivalence in defining BuzzFeed. Second, traditional news organizations invoke journalistic doxa in their representations of BuzzFeed, to some extent demonstrating how they recognize BuzzFeed as having entered the journalistic field. This is consistent with the third theme, where traditional news organizations problematize BuzzFeed’s forms of economic and cultural capital. Finally, despite some degrees of uncertainty, traditional news organizations seem to positively welcome BuzzFeed’s entry into the journalistic field, both as a transformative force and as a potential ally for preservation.
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This article explores the influence of social media giant Facebook on the journalistic field by examining how news organizations responded to Facebook’s algorithm tweak, announced in June 2014, that prioritized videos directly uploaded to the social media platform. In announcing the tweak, Facebook, an agent external to the journalistic field, did not just change its own internal rules but also imposed them on users, including news organizations traditionally governed by the journalistic field’s own set of rules. Based on large-scale posting activity data collected from 232 Facebook Pages operated by major news organizations in the United States, this study found that most news organizations complied with Facebook’s updated rules on Native Videos by significantly increasing their social video production, opening up the journalistic field to the influence of an agent external to journalism. But while digital-native and broadcast news publishers were more responsive in adapting to the tweak, print brands were slower to respond.
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Visual journalists were early adopters of DSLR cameras as a technology for the production of video journalism. While early DSLR cameras used by visual journalists were capable of capturing high-definition moving images with superior quality when compared to smaller sensor video cameras, they were designed for photography and thus presented several challenges in the context of filmmaking. DSLR cameras are often rigged with additional stabilization, audio recorders, or specialized lens in order to optimize their functions for video production. This study employs Bourdieu's constructs of the field and habitus in confluence with the social construction of technology to examine how visual journalists reimagined DSLR cameras as video cameras and how this construction informed their professional practice and filmmaking style. Based largely on nine in-depth interviews with visual journalists who produce video journalism, this study presents how the employment of DSLR cameras informed entirely new habitus and cinematography styles while also supporting existing video journalism conventions. More experienced participants described their experiences in the context of transition, while participants early in their careers described the DSLR as part of their professional distinction.
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Bourdieu’s field theory suggests that the rise of the internet and blogs could generate a shift in the journalistic field – the realm where actors struggle for autonomy – as new agents gain access. This textual analysis of 282 items of media criticism appearing on highly trafficked blogs reveals an emphasis on traditional journalistic norms, suggesting a stable field. Occasional criticisms of the practicability of traditional norms and calls for greater transparency, however, may suggest an emerging paradigm shift.
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The Chicago School’s use of ecological metaphors has much to offer scholars interested in the complexities of the contemporary media environment. This article considers how the use of ecological metaphors enabled the Chicago School to build an empirical approach to the study of human forms of organization and traces how the use of ecological metaphors has evolved in subsequent scholarship on media and communication. It examines the interest of media ecology scholars in the environment created by technologies, and discusses how proponents of actor network theory have expanded the view of networked actors to encompass technologies, objects, and human agents. The article subsequently traces a more recent proliferation of ecological metaphors as a way of understanding globalized and networked media practices. This approach, in turn, enables the reconfiguration of questions around the relationship between media, democracy, and citizenship. This article suggests that the use of ecological approaches enables scholars to pay attention to the complexities of networked interactions in communities that are geographically bounded but globally connected. This, in turn, points the continued importance of grounded, nitty-gritty empirical work tracing the variety of communicative practices within particular communities, and the ways in which these practices are shaped by relationships between a variety of actors within and beyond these communities.
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In one of the first studies of its kind, all the wire stories used and all those rejected by a non-metropolitan newspaper over a seven-day period are classified by content, and the reasons given by the telegraph editor for his choices are analyzed. Dr. White is research professor of journalism at Boston University.
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