本文关注中国的民族主义，将民族主义根植于中国的历史环境中，并探讨了官方民族主义、大众民族主义、政治民族主义和消费民族主义的相通和区别之处。本文首先回顾了中国的民族主义自鸦片战争以来的发展，希望从一个更宏观的角度理解民族主义。接着，文章研究了与民族主义所应对的普世主义（cosmopolitanism)，并指出现代中国通常在民族主义和普世主义之间摇摆。接下来，本文以帝吧出征为例分析网络民族主义的表现。从很大的意义上说，帝吧出征不仅仅是一种网络民族主义的宣泄，更是一种在消费文化和全球地缘政治大环境下有关身份政治的表演。这种表演不仅根植于我们对历史的选择性记忆，而且也是在文化全球化的语境下对中国文化、中国应有的国际地位的一种主张；是对中国在全球化过程中遇到挫折（如中国的主权和领土完整以及身份认同等）的一种应对，是国内和国际力量，政治和经济文化以及官方和民间因素的一种结合体。

This essay focuses on nationalism in China. It situates the analysis in China’s social and historical relationship with the West and discusses the differences and similarities between official nationalism and popular nationalism, and between political nationalism and consumer nationalism. The essay first traces the historical development of nationalism in China since the First Opium War in order to provide a broader historical context, which is followed by an investigation of cosmopolitanism. I argue that modern China often swings between nationalism and cosmopolitanism. After that, the essay analyzes the “D8 Expedition” to explore the specifcs of online nationalism. I argue that the D8 case is not only the expression of nationalism but also the performance of identity politics that is embedded in consumer culture and global geopolitics. Such a performance is not only rooted in our selective memory of history, but also asserts China’s position in the context of globalization that is sometimes characterized by frustrations and resentment. Thus, nationalism in China converges local and global forces, politics and economy, and offcial and popular elements.