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数字时代“昙花一现”的参与实验?对一家创业媒体采纳参与式生产的个案研究
A Fleeting Participatory Experiment in the Digital Age? A Case Study of a News Start-up Adopting Participatory Production
参与式生产在新闻学术界被赋予了极高理想，然而其在专业新闻机构中却较少被大规模应用，参与成为幻影。近年来数字技术的发展进一步赋能生产型受众，互联网场域诞生的新兴创业媒体点燃了学界对于参与式新闻的新一波热情。本文聚焦我国一个采纳参与式生产模式的创业媒体L，考察这个个案中参与实验发生、发展的过程，为深入理解数字时代参与式新闻的发生、发展和变迁提供典型样本。基于多种研究方法的历时考察，本文发现，这家处于新闻业场域边缘位置的机构自创始之初即大规模采取了全流程的参与式生产模式，吸纳了众多民众参与到视频化的新闻生产过程，然而这一模式却在随后的发展过程中逐渐被改造，规模大大缩减，参与的意涵被消解，转换成为网络化的灵活用工制度。这一式微过程表明，与传统专业新闻机构类似，创业型的数字原生媒体仍然无法走出参与模式的困境，最终被专业驯化和规范化。不过，参与式新闻的公共角色并未因专业驯化而被削弱，相反却体现出专业与参与协同提升公共性的效果。这一个案研究丰富了对数字时代参与式新闻生产的认识，并回应了关于参与缘何受限的学术解释。
Participatory production is held in high regard in journalism academia, yet it is less commonly applied on a large scale in professional news organisations, where participation is a mirage. In recent years, the development of digital technology has further empowered productive audiences, and new startups born in the Internet arena have ignited a new wave of enthusiasm for participatory journalism. This paper focuses on a news startup in China that adopts a participatory production model, and examines the process of the participatory experiment in this case, providing a typical sample for an in-depth understanding of the occurrence, development, and change of participatory journalism in the digital era. Based on multiple research methods over time, it is found that this organisation, which is on the fringe of the journalism field, has adopted a full-scale participatory production model since its inception, attracting many people to participate in the process of video news production, but this model has been gradually transformed into a networked and flexible system of employment in the course of subsequent development, with the scale of the model being greatly reduced and the connotation of participation being dissolved. This process of decline suggests that, similar to traditional professional news organisations, entrepreneurial digital-native media are still unable to move beyond the dilemma of participation, which is ultimately moving towards professional domestication and normalisation. However, the public role of participatory journalism has not been weakened by the domestication of professionalism, but rather shows the synergistic public-enhancing effects of professionalism and participation. This case study enriches the understanding of participatory journalism in the digital age and responds to academic explanations of why participation is limited.
Participatory journalism / news start-ups / publicity / flexible workforce
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■ The popularization of ‘new’ Internet-based media has generated much optimism about the social and participatory-democratic potentialities of these media, leading to predictions about the demise of the mass communication paradigm, and its replacement by a many-to-many communicative paradigm. But as happened before, the reappraisal of participation also produced a number of theoretical, conceptual and empirical problems. Participation became (at least partially) an object of celebration, trapped in a reductionist discourse of novelty, detached from the reception of its audiences and decontextualized from its political-ideological, communicative-cultural and communicative-structural contexts. These celebratory perspectives on participation cover how some of the basic concepts of the mass communication paradigm are still very much alive, providing the discursive frameworks for the reception of old and new media products. This article aims to show the persistence of (a number of components of) the mass communication paradigm through an analysis of the reception of two north Belgian participatory media products. One of these case studies is based on the ‘new’ world of a YouTube-like online platform called 16plus; the second case study is based on the ‘old’ concept of access television in a 2002 TV programme called Barometer. Through an analysis of these multilayered audience receptions, this article shows that participatory practices are not unconditionally appreciated by audience members, but are subject to specific conditions of possibility that are still embedded within the mass communication paradigm. Albeit in different degrees, these case studies show the importance of two ‘old’ key concepts — professional quality and social relevance — for these audiences’ evaluation of participatory practices. ■
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This article presents a systematic literature review of 378 studies (1997-2017) on online participatory journalism, i.e., audience participation in the professional news production process. Participation can challenge established understandings of journalism and affect the relationship between journalists and audience members as peripheral actors due to the increasingly blurred boundaries between these actors and the renegotiation of authority and power. The review captures research practices regarding the theoretical, conceptual and empirical approach as well as results pertaining to the impact participation has on the journalist-audience relationship and is both interdisciplinary and global in nature. The results show that research mostly focuses on journalism in Europe and North America and examines participation in the interpretation stage rather than in the formation or dissemination stage of the news production process. Longitudinal and comparative studies, examinations of regional and local participation, in-depth audience studies as well as analyses of participation in all three production stages are rare. 121 studies explicitly deal with participation's impact on the journalist-audience relationship and produce conflicting results: 51% see journalists retaining control over news production process; 42% see shared power; and 7% see mixed results. Notably, power structures differ depending on the examined world region, production stage, and actor perspective. The review illustrates the status quo of research practices as well as the role the audience as peripheral actors play in the news production process and concludes with five observations about the field as well as future avenues to close identified research gaps.
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Not much is known about participatory journalists in Germany or further afield. We conducted a standardized quantitative online survey of participatory journalists at the German-language website myheimat, a German-based hyperlocal participatory journalism portal with about 37,000 contributors (as at September 2010). The purpose of the survey was to examine the individual characteristics of participatory journalists (sociodemographics, expertise, qualification and gender aspects). The survey also explored why they write articles for myheimat (societal/individual motivations), what they think about their role and function as grassroots journalists (identity/self-concept), what they know and what they think about established editorial practices (attitudes toward traditional professional journalism), how they think about their audience and how they differ in all these aspects from traditional professional journalists – if at all. Our results contribute to the understanding of the participatory system in general and of the forces behind the enormous popularity of participatory journalism, as well as its conditions and its future development.
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This article aims to contribute to the debate on audience participation in the media from three points of view: (1) demonstrating how data journalism enables an effective participation by the public in news production, (2) establishing a typology of the forms of contribution, and (3) performing an in-depth study of La Nacion (Argentina), as an example of success in collaborative data projects carried out in Latin America. In order to achieve these objectives, firstly, all the Global Editors Network Data Journalism Awards were analysed with the purpose of detecting projects involving user-generated content. Secondly, La Nacion was studied from an ethnographic perspective, as it is the medium with the most prizes in which citizen participation was detected. The results show that collaboration between media and audience can make large-scale journalism projects a reality, and also that citizens in Argentina are recruited by LN Data specially to boost political accountability.
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For the past two decades, understandings of the scale of digital disruption in journalism work in post-industrialised countries have relied on data about newspaper closures, newsroom job losses and the creation of new full-time jobs in journalism. Yet, the digital economy has fostered new employment and work arrangements, and there is less secure employment in journalism, making it more difficult to define who is a journalist now. Using a case study of Australian journalists seeking re-employment after newsroom job loss, this article examines some of the emerging patterns of atypical journalism work. It concludes that attempts to measure the current extent of journalism work need to explicitly account for hybrid careers characterised by professional activities at the margins of or outside of traditional newsroom work. In the digital economy, journalists may undertake a range of journalism and non-journalism work simultaneously or sequentially.
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1. 国外自由媒体记者签约协议，
2. 国内社会拍客用户协议，
3. 尽管L在多渠道分发，但@L视频是其最主要的账号，它转发、分享其他账号的重要内容，并拥有最多关注者。类似于传统媒体的头版，@L视频呈现了L认为最有新闻价值的故事。就具体操作而言，为缩小样本，本文主要选取建构星期法，定位于变迁前的2018年以及变迁后的2020上半年，分别对@L视频所发布的由拍客中心之拍客所生产的新闻内容进行抽样。即分别从2018年、2020年的第一周开始，每四周+1天间隔抽样，共选取7天，组成1个完整的星期。经过统计、筛选掉非社会拍客生产的内容，共收集2018年上半年98条；2020年上半年214条。本文所涉及的变量均由第一作者与另外一个编码员进行编码。具体程序是：第一作者首先在充分熟悉材料的情形下对各个变量进行了明确的操作化定义，然后进行了试编码；之后用它训练了另外一位编码员，并对分歧进行讨论，直到达成共识。两者分别独立对所有内容编码，计算、得到的编码员间信度均落在Krippendoff Alpha值0.75-0.86之间，达到满意要求。借鉴既有研究，本文对短视频新闻的分析指标主要为：（1）影像生产标准：视觉层面的四个变量：镜头、画面、清晰度、风格；声音层面的三个变量：音响、音乐、叙述。（2）新闻内容规范：聚焦客观性的公正、信源、倾向三个变量。（3）主题：经济、文体与教育、社会问题、犯罪、科技、 环境与能源、健康、历史、美食与旅游、事故与灾害、人情味故事、专题（主要是人物小纪录片）。（4）框架：冲突、责任、解决方案、经济后果、人情味、道德判断。（5）信源被界定为“更广泛地任何新闻报道所依据的信息”。具体分为：a.政府机构人员 b.专家c.代表性的精英d.其他名人e.其他媒体 f.普通人 g.未显示。客观性主要区分多元/单一信源，草根/民间风格部分则关注（非）普通人信源的数量。
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