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独立、实体、片断：显微镜的可见方式与疾病话语的科学转向
Independence, Entity and Fragment: The Visible Way of Microscopes and the Scientific Turn in Disease Discourse
本文试图探究显微镜影响疾病话语的具体机制和过程。显微镜中介了人对世界的意向，也中介了世界向人的呈现。前者将显微镜视为肉眼的延伸，研究不可避免地陷入显微镜对视觉的相似增强这一预设。后者则跳出身体中心视角，显微镜可见方式的特异性在对世界的呈现过程中凸显出来。基于后者，本文引入福柯的话语实践概念，提出显微镜通过规定疾病话语对象的可见方式框定了话语形成的可能性。本文认为，不同于肉眼观看，显微镜以技术图像的方式使得疾病话语对象可见，该话语对象是独立于病人身体的实体，其致病性是以技术图像之间的“是否”关系为判断标准的，在此基础上形成的疾病话语要求围绕专业名词展开，精准客观地指向可见的、倾向于静态的、片断的疾病实体。本文尝试在身体、知觉层面之外打开显微镜这类技术物的媒介研究视野。
This paper attempts to explore the specific mechanisms and processes of the microscope's influence on disease discourse. The microscope mediates human's sense towards the world and also mediates the presentation of the world towards human. The former regards the microscope as an extension of the naked eye, and research inevitably falls into the premise that the microscope enhances vision in a similar way. The latter jumps out of the body-centered perspective, as a result, the specificity of the microscope's visible way is highlighted in the process of presenting the world. Based on the latter, this paper introduces Foucault's concept of discursive practice and proposes that the microscope frames the possibility of discourse formation by stipulating the visible way of the object of disease discourse. Unlike visual inspection with the naked eye, the microscope makes the object of disease discourse visible in the form of technical images, which represents an entity independent of the patient's body, and the pathogenicity is judged by the “whether” relationship between technical images. On this basis, the disease discourse needs to be developed around professional terms, accurately and objectively pointing to visible, static and fragmentary disease entities. This paper attempts to open up the media research perspective of technologies such as microscopes.
Microscope / discursive practices / disease / media / technical images
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1. 实体（entity）一词含义复杂，可泛指一切以自身形式存在的独立的东西，可以是具体的或抽象的，可以是物理存在或非物理存在。本文指涉自然科学中的实体，即作为真实存在的、具体的、可观察和测量的对象。
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