PDF(1808 KB)
PDF(1808 KB)
PDF(1808 KB)
《纽约时报》中的“共产主义”刻板印象——基于命名实体识别的媒介记忆之场研究
Stereotyping of Communism in New York Times: Study on the Media Sites of Memory Based on Named Entity Recognition
本文引入历史学的记忆之场理论，借助计算传播学方法中的命名实体识别技术追溯了媒介记忆之场的沉浮轨迹，系统勾画了《纽约时报》（1981-2018）中“共产主义”刻板印象的变迁图景。研究发现，随记忆之场起伏流转的“共产主义”刻板印象，始终追随并服膺于美国主流意识形态及国家利益，大致经历了三个阶段：从“对抗西方民主的冷战敌人”，转化为“世界性的政治运动和威胁美国安全的激进同谋”，再转向当前“挑战美国全球影响力的中国”。研究“共产主义”在西方媒体中的传播，既有助于我们深入理解新闻与政治逻辑关系背后的媒介意识形态实质，也有助于我们把握新一轮“中国威胁论”的动机和本质。
Taking the theoretical perspective of Sites of Memory, this paper applies the computational communication method of named entity recognition in tracing the media sites of memory and outlining the shifting “Communism” stereotype landscape in New York Times from 1981 to 2018. The study shows that the “Communism” stereotypes changed in accordance with the sites of memory and the American mainstream ideology and national interests, and transformed through three stages: from “an enemy combating the Western democracy in the Cold War”, to “a world political movement and a conspiracy endangering American national security”, and now to “China challenging the American leadership on the world stage.” The study of the coverage of Communism in Western media can not only deepen our understanding of media ideology behind the logical relationship between news and politics, but also help us grasp the essence and motivation of the new wave of “China’s threat” in Western media.
《纽约时报》 / “共产主义” / 刻板印象 / 记忆之场 / 命名实体识别
New York Times / Communism / stereotypes / sites of memory / named entity recognition
| [1] |
爱德华·S. 赫尔曼, 诺姆·乔姆斯基(1988/2011). 《制造共识——大众传媒的政治经济学》(邵红松译). 北京: 北京大学出版社.
|
| [2] |
陈东晓(2003). 保守主义外交理念与里根政府的对外军事干预政策. 《美国研究》, 2003,(2),31-47+3-4.
|
| [3] |
邓小平(1995). 《邓小平文选》(第3卷). 北京: 人民出版社.
|
| [4] |
弗雷德里克·S·西伯特, 西奥多·彼得森, 威尔伯·施拉姆(1956/2007). 《传媒的四种理论》(戴鑫译). 北京: 中国人民大学出版社.
|
| [5] |
郭东奇, 裴泽庆(2020). 新时代共产主义话语传播研究:问题、要素、路径. 《云南行政学院学报》,(5),103-108.
|
| [6] |
哈罗德·D. 拉斯韦尔(1935/2017). 《世界政治与个体不安全感》(王菲易译). 北京: 中央编译出版社.
|
| [7] |
哈罗德·D. 拉斯韦尔(1948/2013). 《社会传播的结构与功能》(何道宽译). 北京: 中国传媒大学出版社.
|
| [8] |
洪浚浩(2011). 解读美国政府媒体在后冷战时期的新趋势. 《新闻与传播研究》,(2),4-14+109.
|
| [9] |
黄艳红(2017). “记忆之场”与皮埃尔•诺拉的法国史书写. 《历史研究》,(6),140-157+192.
|
| [10] |
克里斯蒂昂·德拉克鲁瓦, 弗朗索瓦·多斯, 帕特里克·加西亚(1999/2016). 《19-20世纪法国史学思潮》(顾杭,吕一民,高毅译). 北京: 商务印书馆.
|
| [11] |
克里斯托弗·辛普森(1994/2017). 《胁迫之术:心理战与美国传播研究的兴起》(王维佳,刘扬,李杰琼译). 上海: 华东师范大学出版社.
|
| [12] |
李希光(1996). 《妖魔化中国的背后》. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社.
|
| [13] |
李昀(2006). “自由”话语与冷战初期美国国内政治动员——以欧洲复兴计划为中心. 《世界历史》,(4),27-36+156-157.
|
| [14] |
刘建飞(2001). 《美国与反共主义》. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社.
|
| [15] |
刘兢(2016). 冷战前期MIT国际研究中心的中国“传播”研究. 《国际新闻界》,(5),104-118.
|
| [16] |
刘浏, 王东波(2018). 命名实体识别研究综述. 《情报学报》,(3),329-340.
|
| [17] |
罗杰斯(1997/2012). 《传播学史——一种传记式的方法》(殷晓蓉译). 上海: 上海译文出版社.
|
| [18] |
米歇尔·维诺克(1992/2020). 贞德.载皮埃尔·诺拉(主编),《记忆之场:法国国民意识的文化社会史》(第3版)(黄艳红等译)(第315-382页). 南京: 南京大学出版社.
|
| [19] |
莫里斯·哈布瓦赫(1992/2002). 《论集体记忆》(毕然,郭金华译). 上海: 上海人民出版社.
|
| [20] |
皮埃尔·诺拉(1984/2020). 记忆与历史之间:场所问题.载皮埃尔·诺拉(主编),《记忆之场:法国国民意识的文化社会史》(第3版)(黄艳红等译)(第3-32页). 南京: 南京大学出版社.
|
| [21] |
皮埃尔·诺拉(1992/2020). 如何书写法兰西历史.载皮埃尔·诺拉(主编),《记忆之场:法国国民意识的文化社会史》(第3版)(黄艳红等译)(第77-99页). 南京: 南京大学出版社.
|
| [22] |
时殷弘等(2020). 中美关系走向与国际格局之变(名家笔谈). 《国际安全研究》,(6),3-38+153.
|
| [23] |
孙江(2015/2020). 中文版序,皮埃尔·诺拉及其《记忆之场》.载皮埃尔·诺拉(主编),《记忆之场:法国国民意识的文化社会史》(第3版)(黄艳红等译)(第17页). 南京: 南京大学出版社.
|
| [24] |
王维佳(2017). “胁迫之术”:传播学的心理战起源. 《读书》,(6),86-92.
|
| [25] |
王一平(2020). 皮埃尔·诺拉的“记忆之场”与国族认知——兼论《普鲁斯特之〈追忆似水年华〉》. 《浙江工商大学学报》,(1),43-51.
|
| [26] |
夏倩芳, 张明新(2007). 新闻框架与固定成见:1979-2005年中国大陆主流报纸新闻中的党员形象与精英形象. 《新闻与传播研究》,(2),29-41+95.
|
| [27] |
新华社(2020). 外交部批蓬佩奥涉华政策演讲:政治谎言“大杂烩”. 检索于 http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-07/25/content_5529915.htm.
|
| [28] |
尤尔根·哈贝马斯(1976/1989). 《交往与社会进化》(张博树译). 重庆: 重庆出版社.
|
| [29] |
约翰·费斯克等(编撰)(1993/2004) 《关键概念——传播与文化研究词典》(李彬译)(第2版). 北京: 新华出版社.
|
| [30] |
曾庆香, 黄春平, 肖赞军(2005). 谁在新闻中说话——论新闻的话语主体. 《新闻与传播研究》,(3),2-7+93.
|
| [31] |
张庆园(2016). 《传播视野下的集体记忆建构——从传统社会到新媒体时代》. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社.
|
| [32] |
赵曜(2006). 新世纪世界社会主义运动的现状和走势. 《当代世界与社会主义》,(6),21-23.
|
| [33] |
赵月枝(2015). 对外传播应大胆讲好“红色故事”. 检索于 https://opinion.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJHBKe.
|
| [34] |
|
| [35] |
|
| [36] |
|
| [37] |
This article centres on representations of Romanian women in the on-site reports filmed by American news crews in the days and weeks following the Romanian revolution. Around these representations, the article traces Romania's journey into televisibility on American television news, from an initially inaccessible site of falling communism to an overexposed site of post-communist trauma. Reports from abortion clinics were the first encounters with the territory of Romania that American television offered firsthand to its viewers, and these representations of Romanian women were the first representations of post-communist identities on American television. The article suggests that these representations of post-communist subjects, who appear as overexposed sites on which American television traces the effects of communism and the predicaments of the post-communist condition, display symptomatic features which have remained pervasive.
|
| [38] |
|
| [39] |
|
| [40] |
We investigate how news values differ between online and print news articles. We hypothesize that print and online articles differ in terms of news values because of differences in the routines used to produce them. Based on a quantitative automated content analysis of N = 762,095 Dutch news items, we show that online news items are more likely to be follow-up items than print items, and that there are further differences regarding news values like references to persons, the power elite, negativity, and positivity. In order to conduct this large-scale analysis, we developed innovative methods to automatically code a wide range of news values. In particular, this article demonstrates how techniques such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, supervised machine learning, and automated queries of external databases can be combined and used to study journalistic content. Possible explanations for the difference found between online and offline news are discussed.
|
| [41] |
|
| [42] |
|
| [43] |
|
| [44] |
|
| [45] |
|
| [46] |
|
| [47] |
|
| [48] |
|
| [49] |
|
| [50] |
|
| [51] |
|
| [52] |
|
1. 本研究的命名实体识别任务采用spaCy的英文核心模型（en_core_web_lg），精确率为86.43，召回率为86.37 ，F1 值达到了86.4。
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
