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Beyond Western Context: The Expansion of Theoretical Adaptability in Comparing Media System Studies
SU Ying, ZHANG Zhenjiao
Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication ›› 2022, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (9) : 131-153.
PDF(1466 KB)
PDF(1466 KB)
Beyond Western Context: The Expansion of Theoretical Adaptability in Comparing Media System Studies
Comparative Media Systems constructs the typology of the relationship between media and politics in the western context. However, in the process of expanding the comparing media system beyond the western context, the limitations of the original theory is emerging. A number of scholars participated and contributed significantly to the discussions in order to promote and form a more universal framework. Recent work can be roughly divided into two strategies: one is to explain the complex media system through highly contextual national or transnational case studies. The second is to put forward more universal comparative indicators. Recent studies have extended the theoretical approach of comparative media system beyond the original theory, including Hallin and Mancini themselves, has imperceptibly accomplished the transformation of theoretical foundation from “system theory” to “historical institutionalism”. This shift has important implications for the non-western countries.
comparing media system / media-politics relations / democracy / historical institutionalism / political communication
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1. 以国内的学术研究为例,截止到2022年5月11日,“中国知网”上以“媒介体制”为标题的论文总共只有30篇,其中15篇与比较媒介体制研究无关(以是否引用哈林与曼奇尼的比较媒介体制相关研究为依据),8篇是比较媒介体制研究的综述或访谈,这意味着国内仅有7篇论文沿袭或借鉴了哈林—曼奇尼提出的框架或理论进行媒介体制研究。相比较其他热门概念,如议程设置、框架等的广泛应用,当前国内该领域的研究是非常少的,这与比较媒介体制研究在学术史中的地位极度不匹配。当然,以“媒介体制”为标题进行搜索并不是严谨的综述某一研究领域的方式,国内还有一些相关研究以“媒介制度”或其他关键词来理解中国的媒介体制,但是这至少反映了国内媒介体制研究的一个侧面。以上反映了面对中国的媒介体制时,哈林—曼奇尼的比较媒介体制研究的理论适应性确实有着明显的局限性。
2. 所谓比较有两种基本逻辑:第一种是“求异的逻辑”,这是一种最大可能地选择相似案例的逻辑;另一种是“求同的逻辑”,这是一种最大可能地选择相异案例的逻辑。在社会科学领域,有学者在此基础上分别提出“最具相似性系统设计”与“最具相异性系统设计”。前者力图在相似的比较对象(如国家)中发现其重要差异点,并用这些差异来解释所观察到的结果;后者则试图在相异的比较对象中发现相同点(Teune & Przeworski,
3. 哈林—曼奇尼认为《传媒的四种理论》基于媒介“哲学”,或者也可以称之为媒介“意识形态”进行比较与分类,这是其“关键性的败笔所在”。这是冷战背景下美国与苏联模式之间二元对立的反映,以至于“几乎不给全世界的媒介体制的多样性留下空间。”“现在是为它举行体面的葬礼,转而发展出基于真正的比较研究的更高级模式的时候了”(丹尼尔·哈林、保罗·曼奇尼,
4. 该书由戴维·斯旺森(David Swanson)与保罗·曼奇尼主编。该研究基于现代竞选的十个要素与情境指标,对世界范围内的11个国家的媒体与政治,及其与现代民主之间的关系进行了比较研究,而媒介体制是其衡量的情境化指标之一。
5. 一般来说,“system”一词可译作系统、制度、体系、体制等,在《比较媒介体制》(comparing media system)的中译本中,该词被翻译为“体制”。但是,当system作为一个单独的学术概念时,该词一般被翻译为“系统”或“体系”。为了呈现更为明确的学术源流,本文在单独使用“system”一词时,一般翻译为“系统”。在使用“media system”一词时,一般保留《比较媒介体制》原书“媒介体制”的翻译。
6. 以阿尔蒙德为例,他在使用“政治系统”这一概念时,就明确指出政治系统“不仅包括政府机构……,而且包括所有结构中的与政治有关的方面。其中有亲属关系、社会等级集团等传统结构,还有诸如动乱之类的社会非正规现象,以及政党、利益集团和大众传播工具之类的非政府性组织等”(阿尔蒙德 & 鲍威尔,
7. 例如,尽管中国的媒介是主流意识形态嵌入的体制,但是,伴随着改革开放以来媒体的一系列市场化改革,许多的媒体采用“事业化管理、企业化运作”方式,这突破了原有的“一元化”媒体模式,被认为是中国“媒介体制”浮现的标志(Tang & Iyengar,
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