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重新发现国家：一次拓展中国媒体信任概念的尝试
Rediscovering the State: An Attempt to Expand the Concept of Media Trust in China
在西方媒体信任研究中，内容信任（受众对新闻内容的信任）几乎成为媒体信任的唯一内涵，中国媒体信任研究吸纳了这一成果，在实证上形成了对国家的系统性忽视。面对这一知识生产现状，本文核心目标在于将制度信任（受众对媒介制度的信任）作为与内容信任同等重要的维度纳入媒体信任的概念内涵中，推动媒体信任研究的本土化。为此，本文（1）论述了中国媒体信任研究依赖西方研究成果而可能导致的效度问题，由此强调中国媒体信任的概念应考虑国家的在场。（2）从社会学研究中引入制度信任并讨论其纳入媒体信任概念范畴的合法性，阐释中国制度信任的内涵并为其操作化提供线索。（3）通过验证性因子分析、斯皮尔曼相关性分析和路径分析（N=678），验证了制度信任的相关指标聚合良好，且与内容信任有良好的区分效度，制度信任与内容信任的组合与媒体信任有较高的同时效度，能够更全面地反映媒体信任的概念内涵。本文亦讨论了中国媒体信任研究的本土化路径，在重视国家权威的基础上，或继续探索信任的测量，或以足够的材料积累实现理论建构，对信任概念进行重新阐释。
In Western media trust research, content trust (audience's trust in news content) has become almost the only connotation of media trust, which later has been absorbed by Chinese researchers, resulting a systematic neglect of the state in an empirical way. Considering such deficiency in knowledge production, the essential goal of this paper is to incorporate institutional-based trust (audience’s trust in the media institution, referring to the relevant regulations, policies and other formal institutions formulated by the state) into the conceptual connotation of media trust as a latitude of equal importance to content trust, and to promote the localization of media trust research. To this end, this paper discusses the validity problem that may result from the Chinese scholars’ dependence on Western research results when doing domestic explorations, then highlights the presence of the state when talking about the concept of media trust in China; introduces institutional-based trust from sociological research and legitimizes its inclusion in the conceptual scope of media trust, explaining the connotation of institutional-based trust in China and providing clues for its operationalization; ueses confirmatory factor analysis, spearman correlation analysis, and path analysis (N=678), finding that the convergent validity of indicators of institutional-based trust is good and have good discriminant validity with content trust, and the combination of institutional-based trust and content trust has high concurrent validity with media trust, which can reflect the conceptual connotation of media trust in a more comprehensive way. This paper also discusses the localization path of media trust research in China, either by continuing to explore the measurement of trust in China or by reconstructing and reinterpreting the concept of trust with sufficient materials accumulated, while both ways should be based on the emphasis of the authority of the state.
媒体信任 / 媒介公信力 / 媒介可信度 / 国家在场 / 制度信任
media trust / credibility / state presence / institutional-based trust
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Our objectives were: (1) to assess the relationship between self-reported measures (Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36)) and a performance-based timed-up-and-go (TUG) test in a hip and knee joint replacement population and (2) to determine the predictors of postoperative functional status as measured by the 12-week WOMAC and TUG scores. We surveyed 200 patients undergoing primary hip or knee replacement surgery for demographic data and outcome scores at baseline and 12-week follow-up. There was a weak correlation between preoperative TUG scores and preoperative SF-36 physical function scores (r = -0.28, p < 0.0001), SF-36 role-physical scores (r = -0.21, p = 0.0022) and WOMAC (r = 0.29, p < 0.0001) scores. The relationship was stronger between the postoperative TUG scores and WOMAC scores (r = 0.43, p < 0.0001), SF-36 physical function scores (r = -0.39, p < 0.0001) and SF-36 role-physical (r = -0.33, p < 0.0001) scores. Significant predictors for the TUG test at 12-week follow-up were age (p = 0.004) and preoperative TUG scores (p < 0.0001). Given low-to-moderate relationship between self-reported and performance-based tools, both tests are needed to assess the true level of patient disability.
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The dimensions that individuals apply in evaluating the trustworthiness or credibility of news media bear great theoretical and practical relevance. In previous research, however, there is no standardized scale for the measurement of trust in news media. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present the development and validation of a multidimensional scale of trust in news media. A theoretically derived model is tested on a representative sample via confirmatory factor analysis. After some modifications, the model is then validated on another independent sample. These results confirm the hypothesis that trust in news media can be considered a hierarchical factor (of second order) that consists of four lower order factors, including trust in the selectivity of topics, trust in the selectivity of facts, trust in the accuracy of depictions, and trust in journalistic assessment. This model is the first validated scale of trust in news media in communication research.
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In many countries, studies show declining levels of trust in news media at large. However, there still is no valid and accepted measure of generalized trust in news media. To establish and test a suitable measure, we chose two elaborate scales of related concepts: the scale on trust in media coverage of a specific topic by Kohring and Matthes and a credibility scale by Yale, Jensen, Carcioppolo, Sun, and Liu. We adapted both to measure generalized trust in news media and conducted a survey in Germany to (a) evaluate the dimensional structures of both adapted scales and (b) analyze their predictive validity by testing their explanative power on alternative media use. Both adapted scales yield well-fitting models but should be carefully treated with respect to discriminant validity. The adapted Kohring and Matthes scale successfully predicts alternative media use and can therefore be recommended for further research on generalized trust in news media.
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Recent interdisciplinary theoretical work has suggested that social capital, or the interpersonal trust of citizens, plays an important role in explaining both the efficiency of political institutions, and in the economic performance of contemporary societies. This paper examines the relationship between social capital and economic growth in a sample of thirty-four countries over the period 1970 to 1992, within the framework of a modified neo-classical model of economic growth. The findings suggest that social capital has an impact on growth which is at least as strong as that of human capital or education, which has been the focus of much of the recent work on endogenous growth theory. It appears to have about the same impact on growth as catch-up or the ability of poorer nations to adopt technological innovations pioneered by their richer counterparts.
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1. 国家、政府、政党的内涵并不完全一致（周雪光，
2. 职业社会学的相关理论或更加细致，但英美职业社会学的主流研究长期忽视国家干预（刘思达，
3. 这类研究的操作流程大致为：首先，研究者通过访谈或文献梳理的方式确定较为完整的预选指标，而后制作调查问卷搜集数据，最后，通过探索性因子分析获得各指标的重要性与指标间结构。
4. 量表之间的更新关系分别为：Gaziano量表—Meyer量表—Strömbäck量表；Gaziano量表—Abdulla量表—Yale量表。
5. 本文对量表各指标的翻译仅供参考，部分整理自Prochazka和Schweiger（
6. 以近6年《数字新闻报告》（Digital News Report）的成果为例，被调查地（主体为欧洲与美洲地区的国家，不包含中国大陆）的受众对媒体的信任水平为44%（2018年）、42%（2019年）、38%（2020年）、44%（2021年）、42%（2022年）、40%（2023年），这些数据更接近中国地区使用内容指标的测量结果，远低于中国地区使用单指标测量的结果，详见
7. 本文亦在后文统一使用媒体信任这一表述。
8. 本文讨论的制度信任的英文对应词不应为institutional trust，该词的意思实则是对机构的信任（trust in institutions），政府（government）和媒体（media）都属于这里所指的institution（eg: Sønderskov & Dinesen，
9. 这一指标的拟定参考了中国综合社会调查（Chinese General Social Survey，CGSS）测量总体性观念的相关指标。例如CGSS-2011调查问卷中对医生信任的总体性测量指标为“D10a：总的来说，医生还是可信的”，详见
10. 诚如前文所述，制度信任的操作化依据党管媒体和分级管治两个制度特点来设置，Q1以受众对党管媒体的支持程度来测量制度信任，Q2由受众对不同管治级别的媒体的认可程度来测量制度信任，因此Q2指标“A类媒体比B类好”在表达时需要让广泛的受访者能够理解A的管治力度强于B。在考虑主流媒体、中央级媒体、地方媒体、都市报、市场化媒体等诸多表述后，作者决定采用中央级媒体和市场化媒体，前者比较明确地表达了媒体的政治级别，而后者相比于都市报等表述更加贴合当下情境。事实上，两者在学术讨论上并不是绝对二元对立的概念。
11. 人口统计学变量的情况：性别（男：322，女：356）；年龄（18岁以下：51，18-24岁：177，25-29岁：122，30-34岁：46，35-39岁：47，40-44岁：58，45-49岁：39，50-54：32，55-59岁：55，60岁以上：51）；教育程度（未接受教育、未拿到无任何学历：12，小学：14，初中：78，普通高中、职高、中专、技校：222，大学专科、大学本科：324，研究生及以上：28）；常驻地方（农村、乡镇：132，县城：162，城市：384）；政治身份（党员：89，非党员：589）；就业情况（体制内工作：143，体制外工作：363，未就业：172）。
12. 数据共享有利于量表研究的演进，如若后续研究者需要本文原始数据，作者会通过邮箱无偿提供由问卷执行公司发予作者的邮件原件，以保证数据未经作者刻意筛选。
13. 另一种spearman相关系数的参考标准是与spearman等级相关临界值进行比较，当显著水平恒定时，样本量越大，临界值越低，当N=100时，临界值仅为.3左右（p<.001）（详见Zar，
14. 在计算时，内容信任取Q3、Q4的平均值，制度信任+内容信任取Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4的平均值。
1. 感谢中国人民大学新闻学院陈阳副教授帮助本文优化问卷设计；感谢各位匿名评审专家帮助本文进一步理清研究思路、匹配恰当的统计学方法。
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