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作为“实践”的新闻——一个后科学知识社会学的视角
News as a Form of “Practice”: from the Perspective of Post-Scientific Knowledge Sociology
后科学知识社会学（后SSK）从“作为知识的科学”到“作为实践的科学”的转向，为数字化进程中重新审视新闻的核心概念“事实”与“报道”提供新的理论支持。从后SSK视角出发，“事实”并非静态、孤立和完备的实体，而是“过程”与“筹划”中“关联性的动态发展”；“报道”也非结论式的“成品”，而是存在于地方性情境下多元主体的“交道”和“一连串的行动”之中。作为马克思主义实践哲学当代价值的重要体现，后SSK针对实在论和社会建构论的困境所做的理论探寻，对于新闻学研究走出传统二元论和表象主义的束缚，走向过程与关系的实践论有着诸多借鉴意义。新闻的力量不仅在于“表征”现实，更在与世界的“交遇”中生成未来。
The turn of Post-Scientific Knowledge Sociology (Post-SSK) from “science as knowledge” to “science as practice” provides a new theoretical support for rethinking the “fact” and “report” which are the core concepts of news in the process of digitalization. From the perspective of Post-SSK, “fact” is not a static, isolated and complete entity, but a development with relevance and dynamics in “process” and “planning”. Meanwhile, “report” is not a finished product, but exists in a series of interactions and actions of multiple subjects in the local context. As an important manifestation of the contemporary value of Marxist Practical Philosophy, Post-SSK’s theoretical exploration of the dilemma of realism and social constructivism is significant to the study of journalism which urgently needs to get rid of dualism and representationalism and move towards the “practice” of process and relation. The power of news is not only to represent reality but also to generate the future in the encounter with the world.
后科学知识社会学（后SSK） / 新闻 / 实践转向 / 事实 / 报道
post-scientific knowledge sociology (Post-SSK) / news / practice turn / fact / report
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Observing the limitations driven by a certain path-dependency in most scholarship on digital journalism, we argue for favouring a direction that privileges "digital" over "journalism". Rather than seeing it as a digital iteration of journalistic principles, as has been a persistent theme in academia to date, it would see consider journalism as an embodiment of digital principles, one of the many domains of social life which is increasingly restructured around digital technologies. Digitisation sets the agenda for journalism to follow, rather than journalism setting the agenda for its digital incarnation to live up to-or not. Such an approach is a continuation of existing but limited scholarship which could open up new paths and expand current avenues of research, and reflects an emerging paradigm where digitisation is the dominant partner.
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The Second World War was a watershed in history in many ways. I focus on the World War II discontinuity as it relates to the intersection of scientific and military enterprise. I am interested in how we should conceptualize that intersection and in offering a preliminary tracing of the “World War II regime” that has grown out of it—a regime that includes new forms of scientific and military practice but that has invaded and transformed many other cultural spaces, including—my primary example here—the industrial workplace. I exploit the figure of the cyborg to (1) thematize the social, material, and conceptual heterogeneity of the developments at issue; (2) specify a distinct range of cyborg objects and sciences that emerged from the World War II matrix; and (3) exemplify a historiographical approach that escapes the traditional master-narrative structures of science studies.
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Digital journalism is the networked production, distribution, and consumption of news and information. It is characterized by networked settings and practices that expand the opportunities and spaces for news. Digital journalism is the outgrowth of new ecological conditions for the circulation of news content in contemporary society and the crumbling of the pyramidal model of news that prevailed since the beginnings of industrial journalism. These unprecedented developments have broadened the essential elements of journalism-the who, what, where, when, why, and how news are reported.
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This article addresses the relationship between digital technology and journalism, arguing that defining journalism in conjunction with its technology short-circuits a comprehensive picture of journalism. Not only does it obscure the incremental nature and detrimental effects of change in journalism, but it sidelines the recognition of what stays stable in journalism across technological change. Tracing the advantages and shortcomings of expectations that digital journalism is more democratic, transparent, novel and participatory, the article argues that it is journalism that gives technology purpose, shape, perspective, meaning and significance, not the other way around.
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